Personal Essay About Life or Choice

Life or Choice – What Is Better? Induced abortion has been practiced since ancient times and throughout the whole history it has never been completely supported or disproved. With the introduction of democratic governments, people began to fight for their rights even more than they had before, and this brought about the problem of the right to live of each and every person and whether people can deprive an unborn child of this right at their will. The issue is still one of the most topical ones and the modern society has subdivided into so-called pro-life and pro-choice groups. Those who support the right of a woman to choose whether to give a life to her baby or not, call themselves pro-choice activists, and argue that a woman has reproductive rights, which shouldn’t be violated. The pro-life group claims that an abortion is equal to murder, as a fetus is also a human being and this procedure will lead to its death. Both positions can be understood, of course. But which one to support is the choice of every person, and, what is more important, of every woman. She can decide that she is too young/immature/not ready/etc. to have this baby, and she will put an end to this life. But what will she get in result? She will most probably have problems with health; maybe she will not even be able to bear a child anymore. And what about her inner state and feelings? As for me, I wouldn’t ever forgive myself for such an action. Who am I to decide whether this life should be launched or not? I don’t think that I have such an authority to decide. If we are given the gift to bring a new life in this world, we should perceive it as the best opportunity in our lives, but not as a hard burden. That’s what we live for and that’s how it should be.

The Media s Influence On Girl s Self Image - 1112 Words

Body image has become a huge issue in society today, with magazines such as Shape, Covergirl, Vogue, Seventeen, or celebrities such as Carrie Underwood, Jennifer Aniston, Angelina Jolie, or Kylie Jenner. Women, especially teenagers, find themselves thinking that they have to look like the model they saw in a magazine, or on social media. The media is greatly responsible for the growing of the â€Å"ideal† thin women. Statistics show that diet and weight control advertisement appear ten times more in women’s magazines than men. Showing thin models next to them which leads girls to eating disorders, harming their bodies so they have an â€Å"ideal† image of what they think they should look like. Although social media, and celebrities have a huge impact on girl’s self image, there are also many other aspects that can affect why an eating disorder begins: low self esteem, feelings of lack of control in life, depression, anxiety, anger, stress, loneliness, tro ubled personal relationships, difficulty expressing emotions and feelings, being teased based on weight, history of physical or sexual abuse, and of course cultural pressures that glorify â€Å"thinness† or â€Å"perfect bodies.† It could also be a genetic issue, certain people may have genes that increase their risk of having an eating disorder. There are three different types of eating disorders; anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating nervosa. Anorexia nervosa consist of a fear of gaining weight, people with anorexia will goShow MoreRelated The Medias Influence on Eating Disorders Essay example1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Medias Influence on Eating Disorders The National Eating Disorders Association states that eating disorders are conditions that arise from factors including physical, psychological, interpersonal, and social issues. Media images help define cultural definitions of beauty and attractiveness and are often acknowledged as one of the factors that contribute to the rise of eating disorders (NEDA). The National Eating Disorders Associations website, The Effect of the Media on Body SatisfactionRead MoreAnalysis Of Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs 1179 Words   |  5 Pagesas: cell phones, internet, and television are employed in their every day lives . From these new technologies, Americans can connect with the media and they are constantly attacked by the messages of the media. A superior message the media is depicting is ultra-thin as a reference point of beauty. Everyday an abundance of women are bombarded with the media s concept and interpretation of the flawless body. The photos being represented in popular magazine s typically issued for women all over theRead MoreThe Media s Influence On The Body Image804 Words   |  4 Pageslook so perfect? Her eyebrows are on point! She s so skinny and fit looking. Her skin is absolutely flawless! I wish I looked like her! Why can t I be like those girls? How many times have you watched television, searched the web, looked at magazines, or used your cell phone and have thought those things about a woman/teen girl that you have seen? Media has photoshopped, airbrushed, and tweaked pictures and videos to appear as perfect! 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Body image is evident in the gym, as the men are lifting weights they are frequently looking in the mirror examining every angle of their body making sure no area is lacking muscle. On the other hand, women tend to partake in the same behavior as men, showingRead MoreThe Media And Its Effects On Teen And Young Undeveloped Brains1237 Words   |  5 Pagesas a viable market section, due to their immature understanding of the media and its dazzling impact on teen and young undeveloped brains. The media is progressively specializing in children and adolescents to captivate with advertisements. according to market research corporations, teenagers are vital to marketers because they can pay a considerable open income, spend family cash easily, and they are easily able to influence their families to spend on massive and little household purchases thatRead MoreMedia and Its Negative Effects1223 Words   |  5 PagesMedia and the Negative Effects on Body Image Many things contribute to how a woman feels about her body. Peer pressure, family history, and age all play important roles in how people feel about how they look. The media can also play a dominant role on body image, as it almost always ties success, health, and happiness with being thin. To clarify body image, it is how you see yourself when you look in the mirror or picture yourself in your mind. With the constant exposure to media images of theRead MoreYoung Womens Exposure Of Medi Mass Media Vs. Social Media1668 Words   |  7 PagesWomen’s Exposure to Media: Mass Media vs. Social Media As Williams and Ricciardelli (2014) point out in their literary review titled, â€Å"Social Media and Body Image Concerns: further considerations and broader perspectives,† which similar examines the relationship between social media and body consciousness, â€Å"†¦social media in our digital world are overtaking other forms of mass media, as the main medium, where the young and the not so young source information about body image ideals† (p. 389). ItRead MoreSocial Media Allows People To Share Pictures And Ideas1057 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media allows people to share pictures and ideas with others across the world. Women and girls can use social media to earn approval for their appearance and compare themselves to others. Women during this time period that are so heavily impacted by the media can link their self-worth to their looks. I used scholarly articles all relating to how social media affects body image to decide what my view point was. After resear ch, we can conclude that social media has a negative effect on a woman’sRead MoreHow Media Influence Has Increased Dramatically Over The Past Three Decades1069 Words   |  5 PagesBeautiful Inside and Out â€Å"Healthy body image is not something that you re going to learn from fashion magazines,† (Shapiro) said Erin Heatherton, a Victoria Secret’s model since 2008. Media influence has increased considerably over the past three decades, whether it’s been through television, social media, or tabloids. The number of televisions has also increased in America since the 1950’s and most American have access to a television. Consequently, the images and attitudes are portrayed to the viewers

Implementation of ERP Software in the Business Systems

Question: Discuss about theImplementation of ERP Software in the Business Systems. Answer: Introduction The enterprise resource planning is one of the emerging technologies in the information system discipline with scientific approaches. The new development is also coming in the market which makes the firm to keep their business updated, risk free and efficient in the market. The ERP is growing its demand in the market because of the high use of system in the medium and large scale companies. It is seen in the recent news articles that pharmaceutical industries is holding highest percentage of ERP system implementation in their business operations and processes (Financial Times, 2013). The use of ERP is growing from last couple of years as many companies are implemented in business operations to make their business information sharing, and networking much stronger and efficient(Khazanchi and Munkvold, 2000, pp. 32). There was a corporate scandal, where enormous business was failing because of no security on the information share with the shareholders. The corporate scandal has led to SOX act in 2002 which is making some of the rules and regulation which corporates should abid in terms of sharing, security and transmission (PCAOB, 2002). The company has kept the use of the ERP software to integrate the business systems and also ensure risk which is foreseen when the change in management took place of process engineering. Reason for Adopting the ERP System The ERP system makes the business systems integrates with much other activity. It helps business management to plan the process and activities accordingly to finish the task in accomplishing time and targets. The main reason for implementing the ERP in the business is because it is helping firms to integrate is all application in the single system software. This integration can make the firm run more smoothly and effectively in the operational and business activities. Kumar and van Hillegersberg (2000, pp. 23) argues that the ERP helps firm to manage, transmit, store, and share their data in their own networks In much faster and eco-friendly manner. The ERP system is functioning in each and every stage of business. The ERP system helps large and medium firms to achieve the economies of scale in regard to enhancement, development and maintenance for their product and services (Sumner, 2015). Further, in addition it is observed that ERP is that systematic software which is meeting the requirements of many clients or large scale businesses (Nilsson, 2012). It is also covering the business solutions for the activities like planning of product and its development, marketing and distribution, financing the projects, HR policy and practices, managing accounting, HRM, logistics and supply chain, manufacturing and sales control etc. The business activities are included in either part of full module in the central database provided by the ERP systems. It integrates these parts and modules with the whole system in the central database (Davenport, 1998). With the moving time the reason is becoming more and more for implementing the ERP in the business systems of the large and medium scale companies. It is also known that the implementation of ERP is complex (Davenport, 1998).The business houses still need to fulfilthe requirement to handle its core functioning of its business functions. The needs are so high that companies go with the ERP software implementation in their units (Van Everdingen et al., 2000). The real reason where obtain in the research by Al-Mashari (2002) which has addressed the ERP literature gap and provided the satisfactory reason of implementing the ERP in the business which was not focused by any IT practitioners and research scholars. The three functional area needs were shown by the Al-Mashari (2002) in its research which are the role of ERP in business management process, ERP and competitiveness in the market and the roles of IS functions in the implementation of the ERP business unit. High Use of ERP in Pharmaceutical Industry and Why The pharmaceutical companies are growing much higher on improving its products and making development in the health and life of the humans. The high use of ERP is done by the pharmaceutical companies. It is known from the fact that 89% pharmaceutical companies in the globe are having the ERP software implemented in the business (BBC, 2009). The use of ERP goes on increasing day by day in pharmaceutical companies, as the growth figure is 1.25% on average per year (Financial Times, 2013). There are large companies like GSK, Pfizer, Glen mark, Dr. Reddys and Torrent etc. has implemented the ERP software to integrate all its business functioning. The reason behind heavy use of ERP software in there IS functioning or IT functioning is because they are the manufacturer of the vast product lines. The products are much small and huge in numbers. So, to keep on track records of each product line, products in terms of their expiry and manufacturing date, batch numbers, suppliers and shipping information, invoice and accounting information the products whose payment is received and which payment is kept pending(Stratman and Roth, 2002). The other reason obtainedin the research conducted by the SEC (2005) where 96% of pharmaceutical companies are having their warehouse in different locations, so to maintain the stocks, inventory and storing the companies required strong systemprotocol to get them all the units integrated and updated with each other. So, pharmaceutical companies implement the ERP in their business systems. The pharmaceutical products are having time conscious, if the time expires of the product then it will of no use, or it might be dangerous. So to keep update track of each and every product is essential in this industry. McClenahen (2007) argues that thedecisions in the industry are also taken by the ERP software, where the companies can plan and schedule their products to win competitiveness in the market. The decisions taken from ERP are effective and correct because it is having all the awareness of the internal and external business operations and functions of the company. Mabert et al., (2003) observes that the use of ERP is growing in the Pharmaceutical companies because of the providing corrective decision when its timely requires. According to Hawking et al., (2004) the empirical research has presented the report obtain from the computer economics stating that 76% of pharmaceutical manufacturer, 35% of insurance and health care companies and lastly 24% of the federal government agencies are using the ERP system in their business and still the percentage of installation of ERP implementation is growing in the this industries. Reason of Sarbanes-Oxley Act Implementation The Act has been developed in much later time when the corporate scandal of Enron has come up with 2001. The reason behind implications of this SOX act 2002 has been known that many companies fail to create the security protocol at time of sharing the information on their networks because of the high system hacking and virus attacking the system on irregular terms (PCAOB, 2002). It is conveyed that SOX acts protect the third parties and companies for obtaining the secure information. The information should be reliable and accurate with the improved security laws (PCAOB, 2002). The act has also established to address all those issues which were faced in the corporate. In regards to the issues, one of the major issues is to bribe officials for leaking the confidential information to others. The other major issues companies faced is the financial risk in the business (Chan, 2004; Ramos, 2004). This risk has come up from the change management and process engineering happening in the company. The SOX Act 2002 also protects from such a financial and business risk. The Act has developed the COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology) for protecting the risk which is faced by corporate while implementing the systems like ERP, SAP, MIS in their business houses (Luftmanet al., 2004). The SOX act has also been approved by the SEC (Stock Exchange commission). The SEC helps to register those firms which are meeting the SOX standards. It displays that the SEC has imposed the requirement of SOX on the legal system and senior management levels (Mead and McGraw, 2004). If the SOX requirements are not fulfilled than compliance measure will be also taken in that case. However, it is also argued that private companies are also implementing the SOX regulation and legislation in their business (Heffes, 2005). MySAP ERP Meets these Implications Provided by SOX ACT It is believed that SAP (2005) has presented the evidence where all most 80% of fortune 500 companies are having the ERP implemented in their business systems. The markets of ERP are also getting saturated because of high demand from private limited companies too. The Act has built to introduce the security rules. These rules and regulations were met by the SAP ERP system by developing such a business solution which integrates and automates the business process through sharing and transmitting the data with a database and relevant networks. Practices across the network and business organisations are approved by the real time environment (Deloitte Touche 2005). The SAP develops to integrate and automate the systems of business. It also launches the protection for data sharing on the common platform and ensures the business is risk free and safe in terms of information transmitting (Kaarst-Brown and Kelly, 2005). The SAP model is going to improve the system efficiencies by providing the appropriate control and continuously monitoring facilities to clients. The SAP helps to publish the complete business reports with full accuracy and generosity. However, under the section 404 it is observed that Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) with their standard rule -2 can only publish those statements which are having the auditors seal. So, the company has to do audits of their accounts through auditors and internal control management staff. The SAP helps to provide management statements which are effectively observed by an internal control team and auditors. The information should be correct and genuine is only going to publish. The SAP ERP is supporting the ERM framework which is developed by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) in order to protect the organisations from the risk that business houses takes in order to win over their competitors or to achieve success in launch their product and services (COSO, 2005). The ERM model is much different from the other models of risk assessment and risk management, so indulging this model in ERP software approves that business process is risk free. The ERP needs to provide the risk free information in the business networks (Decker and Lepeak, 2003). The risk free information can be obtained when the-from the firms employing the ERM in their systems. Many firms manage the operational activates and processing assessment using only the ERP. The SOX act goes with ERP, the operational and off-line management processes and legacy processes, but these processes are much critical factors for the company. As under section 404 the firms use an ERP Oracle version[1] wh ich is making the ERP centred to risk management application. The ERP can also integrate the system by Movaris in which companies can integrate its system to test and configure the continuous change. It is a diagnostic tool for monitoring which is helping ERP to integrate (Proctor, 2004). Success and Failure of ERP Implementations and Reasons In this report the two cases are discussed from one of the case is successful implementation of ERP and other case is a failure of ERP implementation in the business operations. These two cases are Cadbury and Hersheys. In this report, the Cadbury case has successfully implemented the ERP system in their business operation and Hersheys case has failed to implement the ERP. Success of ERP Implementation in Cadbury The Cadbury group in recent time implemented the ERP 6.0 system in their business operations which is reducing their business operational cost[2]. The 11,000 employees of Cadbury Company is putting and sending data on the transparent portal of the company were 1078 applications are linked (Cadbury, 2011). Further, the Cadbury has also implemented the SAP's master data management solution, NetWeaver, with an eye toward integrating legacy systems. The Cadbury has implemented the Five years IT based project naming Probe which is having ERP implementation in order to integrate the Supply chain, distribution, sales and marketing, purchasing and manufacturing for the Cadbury Schweppes on a global SAP based ERP platform (Cadbury, 2008). The Cadbury project Probe is making the business dealing more smoother and flexible for the company on international grounds. It has helped the company to achieve its aim of gathering huge saving in the business (SAP 2005). There are various benefits which Cadbury has enjoyed after implementation of ERP in their business operation and activities(Hawking et al., 2004). The implementation of ERP in the Cadbury has seen tremendous growth in the fast paced market where the Cadbury faces many issues because of its inefficiencies. The ERP has added much of efficiency in the Cadbury company to achieve faster growth. The ERP implementation in the Cadbury company has also developed their warehouse management system. It has also made changes in structure of branch offices and depots to save the transportation and storing cost. The ERP system has made Cadbury to build more competitive in the market[3]. Initially there are many problems observed in the implementation of ERP such as not proper communication and information sharing methods. But with time, the change happening in Cadbury structural and functional business operation is taking ERP in easy way (Sumner, 2005). The Cadbury has also implemented the robust regular feedback system which is monitoring the changes happening in the company with its initial planning of change to restructure. The vendors were selected by the company were the best because only those vendors where choose who has the ERP implemented in their business system. The ERP in Cadburyhas brought their cost down and increase their saving a lot because of choosing good and healt hy supplier from their vendor connect portal (Kaarst-Brown and Kelly, 2005). Failure of ERP Implementation on Hersheys The Hersheys group has implemented the ERP in their business operations, but the system doesnot effectively work on achieving the organisational goals. In year 1996 the ERP was implemented in the company for the managing integration of the supply chain management and CRM. The company has installed the SAP's R/3 ERP software, Manugistics SCM software and Seibel's CRM software with IBM Global Service in order to integrate all these three software. The project was taken under the name of Enterprise21. The company was needing this only for a specific time, so instead of phased approach the company has initiated the system with a big bang approach. The ERP system in the Hersheys group has observed various problems and these problems are much technical and non-technical.For e.g. late delivers to whole-sellers and retailers, losing credibility in the market and increase the inventory by 25% from the previous year[4].The company has faced the malfunctioning problems because of their faulty c omputer system. The changing the system in whole company has cost the company US $150 million. The reason for the unsuccessful implementation of ERP was their selection of the wrong approach. The Hersheys has employed big bang approach instead of phased approach. The Hersheys has made a huge mistake for not testing their systems for the sake of expediency. The company has also cut out many important activities and went go-alive in the systems in their busy schedule which also mismatched the ERP settings. The company over squeezed its implementation of schedules which disturb the flow of the system in the business organisations. The company has learned much from the reason of failure in the ERPs implementation in the business operation. It is learned that the company should always work on testing procedures ensure that system are effective and efficient in the using. The company should not cut activities in the busy periods because this is going to kick the system in much badly way. The company should learn curves about the operational performance dips while installing the new implementation of system in the business operation. In a low working climate the system can be steadily moving to the good functioning ahead. The employees of the company can also learn about the system. Conclusion Lastly,it is concluded that ERP has good demand in the market of the pharmaceutical industry. The ERP system makes the business a system integrates with much other activity. It helps business management to plan the process and activities accordingly to finish the task in accomplishing time and targets. It is also observed that the large and medium companies have implemented the ERP system in their business operations in order to win its customer over their competitors. The ERP should be meeting the SOX act standard rules in order to make the business process and legacy process running smoothly. SOX acts protect the third parties and companies for obtaining the secure information. The information should be reliable and accurate with the improved security laws.The ERP implementation in the business systems makes business successful because of gaining cost leadership and differentiation strategy in their business management. There are firms in which implementation of ERP is successful, but some firms also have an ERP implementation failure, because of miss management and the big band theory approached. References Al-Mashari, M (2002) Enterprise Resource Planning Systems: A Research Agenda. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 102 (3), pp. 165-170. Benesh, M. (1999), Managing your ERP project,Software Testing and Quality Engineering,July/August, pp. 38-43. Boehm, B. (1981),Software Engineering Economics, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Chan, S. (2004), Sarbanes-Oxley: the IT dimension,The Internal Auditor, Vol. 61 No. 1, pp. 31-3. COSO (2005), FAQs, for COSOs enterprise risk management integrated framework, available at: coso.org/Publications/ERM/erm_faq.htm Davenport, T.H. (1998) Putting the Enterprise into the Enterprise System. Harvard Business Review, 76 (4), July-August, pp.121. Decker, S. and Lepeak, S. (2003),Connecting to ERP for SOX 404 Assessments, META Group, Stamford, CT, available at: metagroup.com Deloitte Touche (1999), Maximizing the value of ERP enabled processes, The Review, 18 January. Deloitte Consulting (2001),ERPs Second Wave, Deloitte Consulting, Atlanta, GA. Hawking, P., Stein, A. and Foster, S. (2004), Revisiting ERP systems: benefit realization, paper presented at the 37th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, ACM, available at: https://csdl.computer.org/ Heffes, E. (2005), FEI CEOs 2005 top 10 financial reporting issues,Financial Executive, Vol. 21No. 1, available at: fei.org Khazanchi, D. Munkvold, B.E. (2000) Is Information Systems a Science? An Inquiry into the Nature of the Information Systems Discipline.The Database for Advances in Information Systems, 31 (3), Summer, pp. 24-42. Kumar, K. van Hillegersberg, J. (2000) ERP experiences and evolution. Communications of the ACM, 43 (4), pp. 23-26. Kaarst-Brown, M. and Kelly, S. (2005), IT governance and Sarbanes-Oxley: the latest sales pitch or real challenges for the IT function?, Proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2005, IEEE, New York, NY. Luftman, J., Bullen, C., Liao, D., Nash, E. and Neumann, C. (2004),Managing the Information Technology Resource, Pearson Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ Mabert, V, Soni, A. Venkataramanan, M.A. (2003) The impact of organization size on enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementations in the US manufacturing sector. Omega, 31 (3), pp. 235-246. Mead, N.R. and Mcgraw, G. (2004), Regulation and information security: can Y2K lessons help us?,IEEE Security and Privacy, IEEE, New York, NY Nilsson, A.G. (2010) Anvndningenavstandardsystemiorganisationer- kritiskaframgngsfaktorer. In: Nilsson, A.G. Pettersson, J.S. eds.Ommetoderfrsystemutveckling i professionellaorganisationer, Lund, Studentlitteratur. Proctor, P. (2004), Sarbanes-Oxley security and risk controls: when is enough? Stamford, CT, Infusion: Security Risk Strategies, META Group, available at: metagroup.com Ramos, M. (2004),How to Comply with Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. SAP (2015), Home page, available at: sap.com IMF (2015) cited by SEC (2005), Regulation S-K, 229.308, Item 308, available at: sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/forms/regsk.htm#internal Stratman, J.K Roth, A.V. (2002) Enterprise resource planning (ERP) competence constructs: Two-stage multi-item scale development and validation. Decision Sciences, 33 (4), pp. 601-628. Sumner, M. (2015) Enterprise Resource Planning. New Jersey, Prentice Hall. https://www.scribd.com/doc/39650132/ERP-Implementation-at-cadbury%E2%80%99S https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/ERP.html https://www.itbusinessedge.com/cm/blogs/lawson/kraft-cadbury-deal-means-major-erp-integration-work/?cs=38891 https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1cb06d30-332f-11e1-a51e-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2vdMyHJ14

Policies for elderly care in the UK Essay Example

Policies for elderly care in the UK Essay Ripening SocietyPeoples are populating longer, particularly across the Western universe. This has produced a corresponding addition in wellness attention costs, because older people have a higher prevalence of degenerative and infective diseases ( Dietetics, 2006 ) . Ageing has been implicated in fleshiness, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and abnormal psychology ( Hu et al, 2000 ; BNF, 2004 ) . Presently, more than a fifth of the UK population is aged over 65 old ages, and this proportion will increase to around 30 % across Europe by 2030 ( BNF, 2001 ) Old age is characterised by a greater susceptibleness to degenerative, infective, familial, and lifestyle-related unwellnesss. ADepartment of Healthstudy in the early 90s found that over 50 % of the aged have a chronic unwellness, 20 % have problem visual perception, 10 % are unable to walk ( down the route, or up a stairway ) , and 50 % of adult females and a one-fourth of the work forces aged gt ; 85 old ages lacked the ability to cook a repast ( DOH, 1992 ) . These troubles continue to afflict the aged today ( BNF, 2003 ) , haltering their ability to provide for their nutritionary demands.NUTRITIONAL PATTERNSMalnutrition is a turning job amongst the aged ( Smithers et al, 1998 ; BNF, 2001, 2002, 2003 ; Dieteticss, 2006 ) . Nutrition demands go more critical with increasing age. Energy degrees drop off aggressively, doing an exponential decrease in BMR ( radical metabolic rates ) . It is of import for older people to stay active, consume equal measures of fat, fiber, saccharides, vitamins, and other micronutrients ( BNF, 2002, 2004 ) , and avoid intoxicant. However, a recent DEFRA [ 1 ] study of dietetic patterns in grownups ( DEFRA, 2004 ) revealed upseting nutritionary tendencies. Consumption of intoxicant and dietetic fat increased with aged, top outing between the ages of 50 to lt ; 65 ( intoxicant ) , and 65 to lt ; 75 ( fat ) ( see Figure 1 ) . Fruit ingestion peaked between 50 to lt ; 65 old ages, so showed a diminution through age 75. Energy consumption from fat and cholesterin increased with age, while Iron and fibre consumption seemed to stagnate throughout maturity ( see Figure 2 ) .Figure 1Household Outgo on Selected Foods by Age ( DEFRA, 2004, p.61 ) . X Axis represents the Age Groups, while Y Axis represents Pence per Person per Week.Figure 2Energy A ; Nutrient consumption for Selected Foods by Age ( DEFRA, 2004, p.62 ) . The X Axis represents the Age Groups. The Y Axis represents Intake per Person per Day in Grams ( Milligrams for Iron, Calcium, Cholesterol A ; Vitamin C ) . To suit the graph more handily, figures for Vitamin D and Potassium x 10, and Calcium /10 . Figure for Cholesterol foremost converted to Grams, so x 10.FACTORS IN MALNUTRITIONOlder people are more vulnerably to malnutrition for assorted grounds ( BNF, 2004 ; Dieteticss, 2006 ; Furman, 2006 ) . First, medical conditions, such as osteoporosis and bosom disease, may order what should or should non be eaten. Therefore, for illustration while oily/fatty nutrients like oleo spreads, which are a good beginning of Vitamin D, may besides be high in cholesterin and hence inappropriate for person with cardiovascular infirmities. Second hapless teething may halter the ability to masticate. Mobility restraints may forestall shopping for and readying of nutrient. Potential complications caused by drug prescriptions means that ingestion of certain nutrients may non be recommended. Economic adversities can restrict both the measure and quality of nutrient that can be purchased. Even the age-related impairment in the senses ( e.g. odor and gustatory sensation ) can impact nutrient pick i n the aged ( BNF, 2003 ) . Changes in intestine map can impair efficient soaking up of foods by the organic structure ( Dietetics, 2006 ) . Finally, as people age, they are more likely to be entirely and homebound ( e.g. due to illness ) . Suddenly, cooking and shopping at the local supermarket may go hard, and many aged people may happen themselves to a great extent dependent on shop closet nutrient or meals on wheels’ . Consequently nutrient policies have been developed in the UK specifically to provide for the nutritionary demands of the aged.Existing nutrient policies [ 2 ] in Britain basically amount to supplying the aged with sufficient advice and information to enable them make the right nutrient picks ( FSA, 2005, 2006 ) . TheFood Standards Agencyhas outlined specific nutritionary guidelines for old people ( FSA, 2006 ) . These include eating plentifulness of nutrient rich in amylum and fiber ( e.g. staff of life, rice, cereals ) , iron-rich nutrients ( e.g. ruddy mea t, eggs, lentils, oily fish ) , foods/liquids rich in Vitamin C ( fruit juice, citrous fruit fruit, Piper nigrums, tomatoes ) , nutrients, rich in folic acid ( e.g. brown rice ) , and Ca rich nutrients ( e.g. milk, cheese ) . The FSA besides recommends Vitamin D addendums ( particularly for individuals of Asiatic beginning, who seldom venture out-of-doorss, and eat no meat or fish ) . Consumption of Vitamin A, K, and salt should be moderate. In their Strategic Plan 2005-2010 Puting Consumers First, the FSA ( 2005 ) places considerable accent onpick. Their policy is to advance healthier nutrient picks by supplying better information ( e.g. improved nutrition labelling, allergen labelling ) , modulating nutrient supplements/health claims based on sound grounds, and protecting against nutrient fraud. In add-on to FSA nutrition recommendations ( FSA, 2006 ) , Government sections, such as theDepartment of Health( DOH ) , and professional organic structures, notably theNational Institute for Clinical Excellence( NICE ) , besides issue specific guidelines for advancing nutrition in the aged in specific clinical and community scenes. These are considered below.Care/Nursing HomesSince a important proportion of the aged population reside in attention places, general ordinances for attention places – which include nutritionary criterions – have been published byDepartment of Health( DOH, 2001 ) , the Care Standards Inspectorate for Wales ( CSIW, 2004 ) , and the Scots Commission for the Regulation of Care ( SCRC, 2005 ) . Guidelines for Northern Ireland are espoused in theResidential Care Homes Regulations( NI ) 2005 ( Statutory Rules for Northern Ireland, 2005 ) . TheScots Office Department of Health( SODOH, 1997 ) published the Nursing Home Core Standard, which provides nutritionary counsel for nursing/care places. These organic structures all specify compulsory criterions associating to meal times, repast content, and bill of fare pick, consistent with n utrition specifications of the Food Standards Agency ( FSA, 2005, 2006 ) and NICE ( 2006 ) . Hospitals We will write a custom essay sample on Policies for elderly care in the UK specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Policies for elderly care in the UK specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Policies for elderly care in the UK specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hospitals in England and Wales are guided by NICE nutritionary guidelines, which although non specific to older patients, are applicable to any grownups who are malnourished or at hazard of malnutrition ( NICE, 2006 ) . TheBritish Dietetic Associationpublished Standards of Care for Older Adults in Hospital every bit early as 1993 ( BDA, 1993 ) , which includes nutritionary counsel. TheScots Nursing Home Core Standards for Nutrition( NHCSN ) provide a practical usher for staff working with aged patients in infirmaries. In 2002The National Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting Advisory Committee( NNMHVAC ) ( Scots Executive, 2002 ) set up a working group to see the nutritionary demands of older patients in Scots Hospitals, utilizing the Nursing Core Standards ( SODOH, 1997 ) . Overall, it is a recommended that patients’ nutritionary demands are adequately addressed through nutritionarytesting, dietetic appraisal ( patients at hazard, dietetic penchants, hapless intake degree ) , dietetic consumption ( e.g. hygiene, meal telling system, menu design etc ) , and staff training/monitoring. Nutritional showing is now compulsory in Scots Hospitals ( Scottish Executive, 2002 ) . In Northern Ireland single Hospital Trusts are responsible for developing and implementing their ain guidelines. Own Home NICE guidelines are besides applicable to the place ( NICE, 2006, p.4 ) . Health attention professionals are required to set about supervising both in the infirmary and community. They are expected to develop patients and carers to recognize alterations in their nutritionary demands, and take appropriate action. Additionally, the FSA has published Ages and Stages – Eat Well’ , a self-help counsel that on what to eat ( nutrients rich in amylum, fiber, Fe etc ) , and vitamin/salt intake ( FSA, 2006 ) . These criterions are applicable across England, Wales, and Scotland [ 3 ] . Homebound In England, Scotland and Wales, it is the Local Governments that provide nutritionary support for homebound aged people, for illustration repast proviso ( e.g. place delivered hot/frozen repasts, aid with shopping ) and appraisal ( placing people at hazard of malnutrition ) . In Northern Ireland it is the Health Boards that provide these services. Other Developments In 2005 the Health Ageing Action Plan was published by theWelsh Assemblyto supply support to older people ( aged 50+ ) on assorted wellness issues, including nutrition ( Welsh Assembly Government, 2005 ) . The papers outlines assorted proposals such as supplying free conveyance to supermarkets, measuring the proviso of a meals-on-wheels strategy, and supplying appropriate preparation for caterers. The Welsh Assembly in concurrence with the FSA besides launched Food and Well-being in 2003, which outlines nutritionary schemes for vulnerable groups including the aged ( FSA/Welsh Assembly Government, 2003 ) .Figure 3Change in nutrient policy for the aged requires justification and a clear set of standards. Tangible conceptual and matter-of-fact restraints may hinder alteration. A theoretical account slackly based on Kurt Lewins ( 1951 )alteration’model.DEVELOPING NEW POLICIESDeveloping new nutritionary constabularies for the aged requires standards that define appropriate criterio ns and ends. The immediate concern is that policy alteration must be evidence-based ( Khan et al, 2003 ) . Second, precise aims must be set, which can be translated into auditable action programs ( e.g. addition in QALY [ 4 ] , or BMI [ 5 ] ) . Goals must be client- or patient-centred, in maintaining with professional ethical, and where possible involve input from multidisciplinary staff and carers. Once new policies are developed they have to be implemented. This entails a procedure of alteration, whereby bing criterions are modified, supplemented, or replaced wholly. Harmonizing to Kurt Lewin ( 1951 ) such alteration is occurs in an environment of restraining and drive forces ( see Figure 3 ) . Furman ( 2006 ) elucidates some of these restraints, including the deficiency of clear definitions about what exactly constitutes malnutrition, inconclusive diagnostic standards, confusion about symptomatology and associated unwellnesss, uncoordinated attention proviso, limited intervention options, and improper prescriptions ( e.g. medicines that interfere with soaking up of foods ) . Extra restraints include organizational inactiveness, increased work loads for attention staff, entrenched behavioral norms, in both patients’ and attention staff, unequal preparation for all concerned, and overall, a generalinvoluntarinessamongst the aged to alter long-run life styles and dietetic patterns. Antagonizing these barriers are driving forces, chiefly the demand to better attention proviso for the aged and cut down the prevalence and incidence if malnutrition. Policy execution is improbable to win unless hindrances to better nutritionary wellness are first overcome.RecommendationExisting nutrient policies for turn toing the demands of the aged population seem adequate at aconceptualdegree. Both the NICE, and FSA, offer really exact counsel on specific nutritionary demands, so that many aged people populating on their ain, or being cared for in a hospital/nursing place , may in fact be feeding healthily.The job is non the policies themselves but instead the deficiency ofconsistenceof application, across different attention scenes and parts of the United Kingdom. The consequence is that the quality of nutritionary attention and back up the aged receive may depend to a great extent on where they live. Both Wales and Scotland appear to hold better developed policies for advancing nutrition in the aged. For illustration, in Scotland, theNursing and Midwifery Practice Development Unit( NMPDU, 2002 ) has issued a best practice’ statement for nutritionary attention of the aged within the Scots NHS, which includes specific action programs for nutritionary appraisal, diet, etc. In Wales, Welsh Assembly and FSA have both produced counsel paperss specifically to advance wellness eating in older grownups ( FSA/Welsh Assembly, 2003 ; Welsh Assembly, 2005 ) . However, there is less lucidity about best practice’ criterions being applied in England and Northern Ireland, nor do at that place look to be specific NHS, FSA, orHouse of Commonspolicies for England and Northern Ireland. Three outstanding policy issues are considered below ( see Figure 4 ) .While the FSAsStrategic Planfor 2005-2010 lineations specific ends and actions to be taken over the following few old ages to better nutritionary criterions, this papers makes no specific mention to the aged. It is clear that older people have really specific nutritionary demands, non to advert alone restrains that may contradict proper eating ( e.g. limitations imposed by medical or dental damage, such as deficiency of mobility, trouble cookery ) . Therefore, it is indispensable for the FSA to put out age-specific proposals sing nutrient safety, wellness feeding and pick, the cardinal issues highlighted in the current papers. The FSA can besides assist develop strategies specific to England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, instead similar to theFood and Wellbeingproposals develope d with the Welsh Assembly ( FSA/Welsh Assembly, 2003 ) . Best Practice The Scots NHS best practice’ criterions published by theNursing and Midwifery Practice Development Unit( NMPDU, 2002 ) should be applicable across the UK. Presently, it isn’t clear whether these criterions are implemented outside Scotland. The execution ofNursing Home Core Standardsin Scotland has been closely monitored with the publication of a study, set up by the NNMHVAC [ 6 ] ( Scottish Executive, 2002 ) . The purpose of this working group was to measure execution of criterions, and place illustrations of best practice’ . Similar execution and monitoring of nutritionary criterions and best pattern for the aged should use to the NHS in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Nutritional Screening Malnutrition in the aged can hold really terrible wellness deductions ( Scots Executive, 2002, p. 3 ) . Therefore, it would look sensible to guarantee that every older grownup above a certain age is undergoes compulsory nutritionary showing on a regular footing. Presently, NICE guidelines recommend testing in clinical ( i.e. infirmary and professional attention ) scenes. However, Ellen ( 2006 ) emphasises the importance of nutritionary appraisal for the aged acrossbothclinical and community ( i.e. place ) locales, reasoning that failure to measure and handle malnutrition in community-dwelling older grownups can take to both physical and functional disablements that result in admittance to acute attention infirmaries, long-run attention installations, or death ( p.23 ) . Old people who are populating at place or homebound may non undergo need particular agreements to be in topographic point ( e.g. regular place showing carried out by a sing nurse ) , to guarantee that those with nutri tionary lacks are identified rapidly. Nutritional showing should be cosmopolitan and applicable to all attention places and NHS Hospital Trusts. Screening processs published by theBritish Dietetic Association( BDA, 1999 ) can be used as a templet for developing guidelines. Other Considerations The DEFRAFamily Foodstudy ( DEFRA, 2004 ) indicated upseting age-related derived functions in nutritionary hazard ( see Figures 1 and 2 ) . For illustration, 50-65 old ages olds seems to describe peculiarly high degrees of outgo on intoxicant ( Figure 1 ) , Calcium and Vitamin C intake both seem to drop off beyond age 75, and dietetic fat ingestion seems to increase exponentially from the 50-65 to the 65-75 age bracket, and beyond ( see Figure 2 ) . Such forms may warrant the development of nutritionary policies tailored for specific mark ( age ) groups even among the aged, but this is non a major consideration.Figure 4Bettering Nutrition for the Aged: Three Avenues for ImprovementDecisionIn decision, bing nutrient policies for the aged are multifaceted and applicable to a assortment of scenes. The adequateness of current policies is remains questionable every bit long as malnutrition amongst older grownups continues to turn. Make new policies need to be developed? Possibly, albeit i t can be argued that bing policies are non needfully flawed ( i.e. inadequate ) . Rather, the job is that execution has been inconsistent across different parts of the UK, and besides different attention scenes. Policy development, executing, and scrutinizing, seem far more advanced in Scots NHS Trusts, compared to England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The 2002 study by the Nursing and Midwifery Visiting Committee cites legion illustrations of good practice’ in which Nursing Home Core Standards for nutrition were implemented to advance nutrition for older patients ( Scots Executive, 2002 ) . What is required hence isn’t new policies, but instead the constitution ofPractice Development Unit of measurementsacross the UK. These can publish statements of best pattern, and back up execution of nutritionary guidelines, as is the instance in Scotland ( NMPDU, 2002 ) . Guidelines must besides be in topographic point to ease best pattern incommunityscenes ( e.g. at place ) , non merely in professional attention scenes ( e.g. infirmaries ) , with particular support for home-alone’ or home bound’ people.BDA ( 1993Dietary Standards of Care for the Older Adult in Hospital. London:British Dietetic Association.BDA ( 1999 )Nutritional Screening Tools–Professional Development CommitteeBriefing Paper No. 9. London: British Dietetic Association.BNF ( 2001 )Healthy Ageing in Europe ( HP 9 ). London: British Nutrition Foundation.BNF ( 2002 )Vitamins A and E for the Elderly ( CG 58 ). London: British NutritionFoundation.BNF ( 2003 )Reasonable Food for the Elderly ( CG 66 ). London: British NutritionFoundation.BNF ( 2004 ) Older Adults. London: British Nutrition Foundation.DEFRA ( 2004 )Family Food: A study on the 2002-03 Outgo and Food Survey.London: Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs.DOH ( 1992 )Report on Health and Social Subjects 31–The Nutrition of ElderlyPeoples. Committee of Medical Aspects of Food Policy. London: Depa rtmentof Health.Dieteticss ( 2006 ) Undernutrition in the Elderly [ online ] Energy Active.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dietetics.co.uk/article-undernutrition-in-the-elderly.asp [ Accessed12 August 2006 ]FSA ( 2005 )Strategic Plan 2005-2010: Puting Consumers First. London: FoodStandards Agency.FSA ( 2006 ) Eat good, be good [ online ] Crown Copyright.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eatwell.gove.uk/agesandstages/olderpeople/ [ Accessed 12 August 2006 ]FSA/Welsh Assembly Government ( 2003 )Food and Wellbeing: ReductionInequalities through a Nutrition Strategy for Wales. Cardiff: Welsh AssemblyGovernment.Furman, E.F. ( 2006 ) Undernutrition in older grownups across the continuum of attention:nutritionary appraisal, barriers, and intercessions.Journal of GerontologicalNursing. 32, pp.22-27.Hu, F.B. , Rimm, E.B. , Stampfer, M.J. , Ascherio, A. , Spiegelman, D. A ; Willett, W.C.( 2000 ) Prospective survey of major dietetic forms and hazard of coronary bosomdisease in work forces .American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72, pp.912-921.Khan, K. , Kunz, R. , Kleijnen, J. A ; Antes, G. ( 2003 )Systematic Reviews to SupportEvidence-based Medicine: How to Review and Apply Findings of HealthcareResearch. Oxford: Royal Society of Medicine Press.Lewin, K. ( 1951 )Field Theory in Social Science. New York: Harper A ; Row.NICE ( 2006 )Nutrition Support for Adults: Oral Nutrition Support, Enteral TubeFeeding and Parenteral Nutrition. London: National Institute of ClinicalExcellence.NMPDU ( 2002 )Nutrition for Physically Frail Older Peoples. Edinburgh: Nursing A ;Midwifery Practice Development Unit.Scots Executive ( 2002 )National Nursing Midwifery A ; Health Visiting AdvisoryCommittee: Promoting Nutrition for Older Adult In-Patients in NHS Hospitalsin Scotland. Edinburgh: Scots Executive.Smithers, G. , Finch, S. , Doyle, W. , Lowe, C. , Bates, C.J. , Prentice, A. A ; Clarke, P.C.( 1998 ) The national diet and nutrition study: people aged 65 old ages and over.Nutrit ion A ; Food Science. 3, pp.133-137.SODOH ( 1997 )Nursing Home Core Standards. NHS MEL 34. Edinburgh: ScotsOffice of the Department of Health.Welsh Assembly Government ( 2005 )Healthy Ageing Action Plan for Wales: AngstromResponse to Health Challenge Wales. Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.1

Fielas Child Essay Example

Fielas Child Essay Ok so as everybody should already know, in chapter 15 Master Petrus had promised Fiela and Selling that he would personally go to the magistrate and find out what happened to Benjamin and where he was. Fiela was confident because she knew that the magistrate wouldnt just shut the door to Petrus. This gave Fiela hope and she was able to sleep well again.  This shows us how much confidence Fiela has in Master Petrus. For the entire time in which Benjamin has been gone she hadnt slept well once, however once she knew that Master Petrus was looking into the issue she was able to sleep well again. I think that this was a great way in which the author, Dalene Matthee showed us how confident Fiela was that Master Petrus would be able to find out where Benjamin was staying. At the beginning of chapter 17 Fiela is trying to make Kicker and Pollie mate, even though everybody is secretly worried about Benjamin. Fiela and Selling are both worried that Master Petrus is taking so long, however they conclude that time is good as the magistrate would need to send for Benjamin and his things, and this would take time.. While Fiela is worrying, she is also picturing Pollie walking around with 12 chicks, of which she would sell 6. This shows how worried Fiela is, she tries to ignore the facts that are bothering and she worries about other things. When Fiela sees Master Petrus she trys to keep everybodys spirits up, saying that it is because Master Petrus had to go to court We will write a custom essay sample on Fielas Child specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fielas Child specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fielas Child specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Once Petrus finally arrives Fielas heat is racing, and she rushes Master Petrus into giving him answers quickly as she wants to know what is going on. However Master Petrus has bad news, and he tells Fiela that he is sure that Benjamin is with his real parents, and he tries to persuade Fiela of this. However Fiela starts becoming angry and Master Petrus tries to convince Fiela to let the issue rest, however he achieves nothing doing so. The next day a constable comes from the magistrate giving Fiela the message that if she makes any more trouble, then she will be in trouble. The main themes in this chapter are anger and fear. Fiela is very angry with Master Petrus, as she expected that he would be able to do something that would help her. Fiela is also mad at the magistrate, as she feels that it is unfair that her child was taken away from her. Fiela is also scared, she is scared that she will never see one of her children again. Fiela is also scared for Benjamin as she dosent know how he is being treated or where he even is.  There was a major change in conflict in this scene compared to chapter 15 were Master Petrus promises to try and do something for Benjamin. At first Fiela was very happy and optimistic, however now she is angry, sad and disappointed. My personal response to this chapter of the book is that the chapter was really good. I like the way Fielas hopes to get her son back were rejected. I like this because now I believe that Fiela will continue fighting for her child. Fielas struggles to get Benjamin back make the book very interesting. I think that the chapter was also written very well as the action builds up and then we find out that Master Petrus couldnt get Benjamin back. Quote  She was torn by worry and anger. Benjamin is no longer a child, hell know whats happened to him! Hell understand. I have to go to him to explain to him how the minds of mad people work! I have to go and tell him!  This quote shows us that Fiela dosent accept the news that Master Petrus gave her. This probably means that Fiela will continue fighting for her child.

World War I Technology

World War I Technology Introduction World War I saw the application of several new technologies to the battlefield, the most important being that of the internal combustion engine, which permitted the development of the first successful mechanized armored fighting vehicles. The war was one of the greatest examples of technological advancements and strategic challenges in history, with the introduction of powerful technological inventions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on World War I Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It saw the progression of many technological developments of the battlefield, which included the aircraft, machine guns, tanks, and poison gas among others. Particularly, the aircraft and the tank greatly transformed the battlefield from slow destruction to a decisive end. This paper looks at different technological innovations and how they changed the face of World War I as the war progressed. In general, mil itary technology is a very important consideration in the conduct of war[1]. Nevertheless, adversaries rarely understand the implications of changing technology. Typically, leaders study the last war to prepare for the next one. The failure to recognize that warfare has changed, and to adapt to those changes, is especially prevalent among winners of previous wars who end up underrating their opponents while thinking very highly of themselves. On the contrary, losers are more likely to learn from their past errors while preparing for future war engagements. In some cases, modest technological innovations have a profound impact. An example is the introduction of stirrups in China and later into Europe which enabled mounted warriors to use hand held weapons, especially bows and arrows, without falling off their horses[2]. Among the most important results of the industrial revolution were the development of railways and steamships, both critical for fighting World War I. Another notable development was the invention of the Bessemer process in 1850 for making steel. Further progress was made possible by the canning of food, introduced by a French chef in 1795 who sought to win a prize offered by Napoleon for anyone who could come up with a way to prevent military food supplies from spoiling. Canned food made it possible to feed large armies in distant places and to carry on with vigorous campaigns even in winter when fresh food was hard to come by. Although some technological advances in warfare had already been introduced in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, their implications for war and politics were not appreciated by the generals and statesmen. Another technological advancement that dramatically enhanced the defense was the machine gun. Among others operations, the machine gun could be used with deadly effect against masses of infantry and cavalry advancing across open ground. It was invented in 1884 by the American Hiram Maxim and could fire over 5000 r ounds a minute. The machine gun itself was made possible by the invention of smokeless gun powder, which was probably invented by a Prussian artillery captain around 1864[3].Advertising Looking for research paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other technological developments that altered the tactical nature of warfare in ways disadvantageous to an offensive strategy were breech-loaded and rifled guns, which stabilized bullets by spinning them in flight. Although developed earlier, this innovation was widely deployed in the nineteenth century, dramatically increasing the range, accuracy, speed, and quality of fire arms, especially the French artillery. Few military leaders in 1914 recognized how effective artillery could be used against masses of infantry and cavalry moving across no man’s land or to smash troops, massing behind the lines in preparation for an attack. â€Å"The Great War † Origins The Great War or World War I, as it was commonly known, acted as a catalyst and speeded up a process which was leading Europe towards democracy[4]. Apparently, this process which was advanced as economic growth greatly changed the existing social structures. Although the question of the origins of the Great War is highly debated, and although this war is considered by many as the beginning of a new stage in history and the real starting point of the twentieth century, it is convenient to attempt to explain its causes. According to Tortella, the authors of the period blamed nationalism and imperialism for the Great War, and most contemporary historians tend to agree with this argument[5]. However, what needs to be done is to identify the type of nationalism and imperialism in force at that time, since all of the conflicts of the times could be attributed to similar causes[6]. According to Morrow[7], discussions of the origins of the Great War should begin with the for mation of the state which historians hold responsible for war. In 1871, the Prussian Hohenzollern monarchy’s formidable Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck and his army under the leadership of its Chief of General Staff, created the German Empire. In the 1860s, Bismarck’s expert diplomacy isolated Prussia’s enemies, enabling the Prussian Army to win three wars quickly. The wars were against Denmark, Austria, and France. The unexpected and rapid appearance of this new industrial and military power in central Europe gave rise to a historical German problem because of its potential for destabilizing the balance of power in Europe. It is difficult, however, to believe that Serb nationalism or that of the other Balkan countries at odds with Austrian imperialism could unchain a conflict of the proportions achieved by the Great War. The so called Balkan Wars, between the emerging nationalities and the Ottoman Empire, had taken place two years earlier without the conflict expanding. The Great War was without doubt provoked directly by the assassination of the heir to the Austrian crown in Sarajevo by a pro-Serbian nationalist[8].Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on World War I Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was certainly an additional episode to the complex escalation of violence which was developing in the Balkans. Such variety of events sometimes leads historians to get lost in the tangle of alliances, diplomatic maneuvers, confrontations, and mobilizations that preceded the eruption of the conflict. Reading certain narratives, one gets the impression that the summer of 1914 was a comedy of errors which soon turned into a tragedy of horrors. Although there is no doubt that there were errors and miscalculations, just a moment of reflection would enable anyone to realize that, had it not been for Germany’s firm resolve to fight, the war could have been a voided. Seemingly, Germany’s involvement in a conflict which did not affect it directly converted a local dispute into a world war. It has been said that German made a big mistake in pledging Austria its full support when the latter requested it prior to presenting Serbia with an ultimatum. It is doubtful though, that any error was committed. For years, German had been preparing for war, constructing a navy to rival the British navy, getting its forces ready for battle and planning its campaigns. Proof of Germany’s intentions lies in the fact that it presumably entered the war to fulfill the diplomatic commitment of providing Austria with assistance, yet it soon assumed control of all operations and took the lead in most initiatives and at all times. In addition, Germany was responsible for spreading the conflict when it declared war on Russia and invaded France and Belgium without a declaration of war. It was the invasion of Belgium, a neutral country, which led indec isive Britain to intervene in the conflict. Although Germany lost the war in the end, it is alleged that it took part in the war in order to fulfill its ambition to become the hegemonic European power, considering that its ruling classes, headed by the Kaiser, wanted combat and saw victory as theirs[9]. In addition, Prussian and German history provided an example to follow. The creation of the German nation and the consolidation of the empire under despotic Prussian control had been achieved by means of a series of wars that increased German and Prussian power and prestige, snuffed out internal dissention, and gave cohesion to the emerging nation. After defeating Denmark in 1864, Austria in 1866, and France in 1870, Germany had been united as the second empire and had become the second most powerful country in Europe. In 1914, the path seemed clear, and a fourth victory would convert it into the hegemonic nation of Europe and one of the great powers of the world. However, after what happened in the period between the wars, there is a tendency to forget the responsibility of the German leading classes in spreading the war, if not, strictly speaking, initiating it.Advertising Looking for research paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It can not be forgotten, of course, that the war had the popular support of all those involved in it, nor can those other governments be forgotten, Germany’s allies as well as its enemies, which committed serious blunders in the early stages of the confrontation and contributed to the catastrophe. Nevertheless, it is clear that without Germany’s aspirations to become a hegemonic power, it is highly unlikely that the conflict would have spread. The frequently repeated affirmation that the Great War was an imperialist war is something that has to be clarified and delimited. Contrary to what had been ceaselessly repeated, the war was surely not the unavoidable consequence of clashing interests of capitalists who were trying to divvy up the world at their pleasure. Although it is true that nationalism and imperialism had some economic basis, this was very different from what had been postulated. The 1915 Stalemate Towards the end of the year 1914, a state of stagnation had been reached and no force seemed to be progressing. Apparently, many of the warring countries after realizing what was going on started working hard to devise strategies to break the deadlock[10]. To a large extent, the solutions provided by the different parties during the stalemate period were quite diverse. In preparation, the German sought to build up resources to deal with the unexpected outcomes of a war that was to last for an extended period, and seemed unavoidable. In addition, German armies proceeded to further improve the exiting war technologies in order to assure themselves of victory. In part, this involved the expansion of Germany’s railway operations. Moreover, Germany had to come up with reliable strategies to provide its armies with the necessary war equipment. To guarantee a steady supply of equipment to the soldiers, Germany had to work extremely hard to make sure that the required raw materials were readily available to the production team. Ostensibly, n o common agreement was reached regarding the stalemate and Western Allies found themselves falling on two opposing sides. On one had was a group that desired to see the offensive on the German continue, while on the other hand, others wanted to see an end to these attacks in consideration of the effect of attrition on the French army. Furthermore, the French forces did not have the necessary expertise that would enable them bring the trench warfare deadlock to an end. However, the motivation behind the operations of the German and French forces was totally different. Trench Warfare The Great War began like most other wars, when cavalry were employed on horseback and battles were short and sharp[11]. It then passed into a period of stalemate, when infantry and guns burrowed underground and hammered at one another in prolonged trench to trench battles. In reality, the period of fixed trench warfare was not as long as had been supposed, and the lines were rigid only in 1915 and 1916. D uring 1917, bomb fighting in the trenches gave way to shell-hole warfare, and in 1918, to open fighting in which tanks and cavalry played a large part. As noted by Lewis[12], the strategy of trench warfare required powerful artillery batteries using large volumes of high explosive shells in support of advancing troops. Shortages of artillery on all sides further intensified the stalemate. By the end of 1914, British batteries were rationed to firing six rounds per day, and by early 1915 the Germans, enclosed in a defensive system of perfected trenches, lacked the supplies of shells necessary to deploy infantry against well defended trenches. In the ensuing stalemate, which witnessed the upgrade of trench systems, the demand for munitions increased enormously. To produce them in the quantities required necessitated an unprecedented increase in the deployment of machine tools in the British engineering industry. War of Attrition Despite its triumph in the East, Germany’s milita ry leaders knew that the situation in the west was precarious[13]. The war of attrition had seriously weakened Germany and the prospect of US forces arriving in France was alarming. The war of attrition on the Italian Front lasting three and a half years allowed Italy to acquire the Trentino region and other lands coveted by the politicians. However, this came at a very heavy cost[14]. In Germany, the war of attrition proved to be quite intractable as it was fought internationally as well as on the domestic front. The German hyperinflation was also experienced as a result of the war of attrition. French Technology The tank and machine gun technologies were used by the French and are discussed below. Tank France began developing primitive tanks about the same time as the British, but introduced them in combat several months later[15]. The two original French tank designs were seriously flawed and proved to be technical and tactical dead ends. After a false start, General Jean-Baptist e Estienne promoted a more radical idea. Instead of the large and cumbersome tanks then in use with the British and French armies, he proposed building small inexpensive tanks that could overwhelm the Germans with mobility and mass. The resulting design, the Renault FT, represented the birth of the modern tank and pioneered the classic tank configuration typical of tank designs to this day. It was also the most widely used tank type of World War I, and was the seed for many tank forces after the war including those of the United States and the Soviet Union. Machine Gun The Great War offered a foundation to display the triumphs of the machine age. The great innovations of this industrial era could serve in so many ways to bring new developments of science to the ancient techniques of warfare. Apparently, the icon of the machine age was the machine gun. In short bursts, it could sweep away advancing troops at a rate of 400 to 600 rounds a minute. This gave it the firepower of at least 80 men with rifles. Nested together as defensive weapons, the guns could make any assault so murderous that hardly a man was left to actually reach the defenders. However, the deadly efficiency of this weapon of mass destruction as it was called during the Great War was not easily appreciated in the general headquarters of the high commands. The French had what German soldiers called the Devil Gun[16]. At 75 mm, this canon was slightly smaller than the Stokes mortar in diameter but had a long barrel. It was accurate up to 4 miles. The French military commanders claimed that its Devil Gun won the war. British Technology The aerial, naval, machine gun, tank, and tracer bullets were among the technologies used by the British armies during World War I. These are discussed as follows. Aerial According to Peden[17], Britain was a major pioneer of air warfare. Radio equipment was first fitted to aircraft in 1914, which facilitated cooperation with artillery, and the development of aerial photography made possible the accurate mapping of the enemy’s position. The first British aircraft designed as fighters had a pusher engine giving a clear field of fire to the gunner at the front in the case of two-seaters or to a fixed machine gun in the case of the single seat. Like cavalry, aircraft were not effective against fortified positions, but could be used in other ways, as during the retreat of the British Fifth Army in the spring of 1918, and were especially valuable in pursuit of a retreating enemy. Britain experienced air attacks by Zeppelins, beginning with a raid on East Anglia in 1915. By the standards of later wars, little damage was done, although the smallest Zeppelins could carry 3000 pounds of bombs. Nevertheless, public opinion demanded countermeasures, and anti-aircraft guns, search lights, and aircraft were deployed. From May 1917, raids by day as well as by night by Gothas, supplemented by some four-engine Staakens with 2,200-pound bomb loads, force d the British to create an elaborate system of air defense for the London area, including sound-detectors, height-finders, and barrage balloons, as well as more powerful searchlights and anti-aircraft guns, and more fighter aircraft. Naval In 1903, Britain created a North Sea Fleet to keep Tirpitz’s growing navy under observation, and based it at Rosyth on the east coast of Scotland. To match the German technological advancements, the British embarked on new constructions. This led to the launching of a new class of battleship in 1906 referred to as HMS dreadnought. Dreadnought was the world’s first turbine-driven, all-big gun battleship. It carried no secondary armament, only ten 12-inch guns, which gave it a broadside twice as powerful as that of any battleship afloat. According to Wawro[18], dreadnought feared nothing, because it’s centrally controlled, electronically targeted guns could fire 1,500-pound armor-piercing shells from well beyond the range of pre -dreadnought battleships and rather easily put them out of commission. Machine Gun The Maxim gun of 1884, named after American Hiram Maxim, was the first truly automatic machine gun[19]. Development of the metallic cartridge made possible rapid loading. Maxim’s innovation was to use some of the energy of the firing to operate the weapon. Maxim designed a fully automatic rifle fed by a revolving magazine. He then applied the same principle to a machine gun, which kept firing at the opponent for as long as was necessary. In the Maxim gun, the firing of the cartridge drove back the bolt, compressing a spring that in turn drove the bolt forward again, bringing a new round into position for firing. The Maxim gun was both self-loading and self-ejecting. Maxim demonstrated his prototype machine gun in 1884. It weighed 60 pounds and was both belt fed and water cooled. It fired a .45-calibre bullet at a rate of 600 rounds per minute and could be operated by a crew of only five men. Th e gun was fired principally by a single gunner. The others assisted in carrying it and bringing up belts of ammunition for it. Aided by the British firm of Vickers, Maxim had his gun largely perfected before the end of the 1880s. The British employed the Maxim gun with great success against the Zulus in South Africa and the Dervishes in the Sudan. At 450 to 600 rounds per minute, one machine gun could equal the fire of 40 to 80 riflemen. It also had a greater range than the rifle, enabling indirect fire in support of an attack. Tank The origins of the British Mark I tank lie in the Land Ship Committee set up by Winston Churchill, First Lord of Admiralty, in February 1915. This led to the development of a prototype tracked vehicle, the No. 1 Lincoln Machine that was later modified into Little Willie, which proved that the tracked concept worked. On September 1916, fighting tanks went into battle for the very first time and added a new dimension to warfare. Although the first tanks we re British, they were soon followed by France, Germany and American tanks. By 1918, when World War I ended, tanks formed a significant part of most of the combatant armies. The Mark I tank had its combat debut on 15 September 1916 near the Fliers and Courcelette villages that were part of the Somme battlefield. A full size prototype, variously known as His Majesty’s Land Ship Centipede, Big Willie, and Mother was later built. This was demonstrated before numerous dignitaries and accepted for service with 100 vehicles being ordered. The Mark I was just armored enough to withstand small firearms and shell splinters. Four men were required to drive the tank including the commander, driver, and two gear men. They had the ability to roll over barbed wire and provided strong protection for the soldiers on board. They were powered by a small internal combustion engine that burned diesel or gas and a heavily armored vehicle could advance even in the face of overwhelming small firearm s. These tanks were however, slow and quite unreliable. Tracer Bullets Tracer bullets, introduced during World War I, were a great aid to the pilot as they enabled him to see the trajectory of his bullet stream and make corrections[20]. Small charges located in the rear of tracer bullets would burn while in use in order to create visibility. Although this feature can be an aid in placing bullets on the target, the benefits can work both ways. Ordinarily, the pilots of many target aircraft do not realize they are under attack until the first shots are fired. Any tracer that misses the target would get the target pilot’s attention and cause him to maneuver defensively. Without tracers, the attacking pilot would normally get a few extra seconds’ chance at a steady target, greatly increasing the probability of a kill. German Technology The aerial, naval, machine gun and flamethrower technologies were used by the German and are discussed below. Aerial An interrupter gear al lowed a fixed machine gun to fire through the arc of a rotating airplane propeller without damaging its blades. A typical World War I propeller rotated at about 1,200 rounds per minute and since the usual rate of fire for a machine was between 400 to 600 rounds per minute, some mechanism was required to ensure that a bullet did not damage the propeller blades. Before the war, several engineers had worked independently on the concept of an interrupter gear. In July 1913, Franz Schneider, a Swiss national working for the German aircraft manufacturer Luft-Verkehrs-Gessellschaft, patched an idea for an interrupter mechanism but experienced some difficulty in making it work. Notably the first aerial attempt by the German occurred in January 1915, attacking two prominent individuals in England[21]. Other raids inflicted minimal damage or were disrupted when zeppelins experienced mechanical problems. Naval According to Tucker[22], Kaiser Wilhelm II wanted to build a powerful German navy. T his policy was carried out by State Secretary of the Imperial Naval Office Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz. The product of a uniquely German ideology of sea power, the construction of the High Seas Fleet was to serve as a deterrent against Great Britain and as the symbol for Germany’s aspirations to world power. Tirpitz hoped that German might one day challenge Britain, even Britain and the United States together, for world mastery. He and Wilhelm saw the navy as playing the key role in making Germany the premier world power. Tirpitz placed emphasis on battleships and a decisive battle with the British navy in the North Sea. This strategy assumed that the Royal Navy would institute a close blockade of the German coast. At the start of the war in August 1914, the High Seas Fleet was the world’s second most powerful, but the naval building program, while sufficient to antagonize Britain and drive it to the side of France, was not large enough to actually wrest control of the seas from the Allies, especially given the fact that the British navy could count on the British and Russian fleets. German possessed, in service, 15 battleships and 5 battle cruisers as well as 30 pre-dreadnought battleships and coast-defense ships, compared with Britain’s 22 dreadnoughts, 9 battle cruisers, and 40 pre-dreadnought battleships. In contrast to 40 German cruisers of all types and 90 destroyers, the British had 121 cruisers and 221 destroyers. In 1914 the German navy had 31 sub-marines, while the British had 73. The total naval personnel numbered about 80,000 men. The imperial navy was well equipped and well trained, but it was also seriously under sourced for war against the British navy. Machine Gun The German did not take to machine guns with the same readiness as the British and French armies[23]. It was not until 1913 that they were issued to infantry regiments. However, wartime experience soon vindicated the machine gun lobby of the pre-war army, and the n umber of machine gun companies rose rapidly. In 1914, each infantry regiment included a six machine gun company. During 1915, regiments received supplementary machine gun sections of 30-40 men and three or four machine guns, and by the end of the year, many regiments had two full strength machine gun companies. In the winter of 1915/16 specialist machine gun units, known as machine gun marksmen were created. For better performance to be realized, the soldiers were subjected to vigorous training sessions on how to effectively use the machine guns. They were first seen at the frontline at Verdun. By mid 1916, the ad hoc development of machine gun units had left some regiments with as many as 25 machine guns. In August the same year, a new standard organization was adopted, and all machine gun companies were required to operate based a completely new set of rules. The machine gun marksmen companies were grouped into machine gun detachments. One such detachment was normally attached to each division engaged in active operations at the front. For a period of time, the number of machine gun companies per regiment remained the same despite the fact that there was an increase in the number of German machine gun units. Machine gun companies were equipped with the Maschinen-Gewehr ’08 or MG’08, a modified Maxim gun design. The gun weighed 52 kilograms and was not the most mobile of infantry weapons. Although the MG ’08 was to exact a fearful toll of Allied infantry men, it was primarily a defensive weapon. Nevertheless, when the German 5th army made its supreme effort at Verdun, in June 1916, attacking regiments put their machine gun companies in the front line. The German army recognized the need for a lighter machine gun in 1915, and work began on a modification of the MG ’08 design. Flamethrower The projection of fire was familiar to the ancients, Greek fire being the most known incendiary. Fire arrows and flaming pitch were of significanc e in medieval sieges. A recognizably modern flamethrower was patented by a German inventor Richard Fiedler in 1910. This consisted of a double cylinder containing fuel and compressed gas, which could deliver squirts via a flexible hose. A similar model was adopted by the Germans in 1912. This backpack type was later referred to as the Klein or small to distinguish it from the much larger ground mounted models also developed in World War I. Flamethrower technology gained popularity and by World War II many nations adopted backpack models. These were commonly capable of ranges from 20 to 30 yards and could manage about a dozen short squirts before their fuel was exhausted. Flamethrowers are now also used from armored vehicles as well as fixed positions. Tactically, they are most useful in defense or in attacks on fixed positions and bunkers. In the attacking role, they are able to offer a considerable moral advantage. Apart from burning, they can exhaust the oxygen of an enemy in a co nfined space. The War to End all Wars Around five minutes past five on the morning of November 11, 1918, German delegates signed a peace agreement with their Allied conquerors in France. As news of the cease fire spread, people poured into the streets across Europe and America to celebrate the end of more than four years of bitter fighting between the Allies, led by France, Great Britain, and the United States, and the Central Powers, led by Germany. Waving flags, singing patriotic songs, and pounding on pots and pans, they paraded and danced through the streets of Paris, London, New York, and countless other cities and towns across the globe. The joyful crowds were relieved that the blood-letting which had claimed the lives of an estimated 10 million troops since the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, had finally ended[24]. They were also optimistic that a new era of understanding and harmony among nations was about to begin. Besides devising a peace settlement for Germany, the Par is negotiators had to contend with a wide range of other territorial, financial, and military questions arising from the Great War. In the process, key stakeholders in the war were also laying the groundwork for separate treaties with each of Berlin’s wartime allies. Some of the agreements like the Treaty of St. Germain with Austria were completed and approved rather quickly. Others, particularly the Turkish peace settlement, took a great deal more time to conclude. Indeed, the final peace agreement with Turkey would not be signed until July 24, 1923[25], a little more than four years after the Treaty of Versailles, the first and by far the most famous of the Allied peace treaties, was signed with Germany. Historians have generally come down hard on the Allied peacemakers for many perceived diplomatic and moral failings. Nearly a century after the end of World War I, the justice and fundamental wisdom of the treaties they devised, particularly the Treaties of Versailles with Germany, are still being debated[26]. In recent years, however, scholars have become more sympathetic to the plight of the Paris negotiators as they grappled with the complex political, economic, and security dilemmas confronting the world following the most destructive war to date. Conclusion The First World War challenged political and military leaders in a way that no other conflict had since the Napoleonic Wars of a century earlier. It was the first truly global conflict between several major powers, ranging across Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and East Asia, and hence over the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. To many historians, the period of the First World War was one of the most fruitful in terms of technological developments and application. Aviation, developed only just before the war, became a major asset to the warring forces and tens of thousands of aircraft were produced by the major powers. Bibliography Bull, Stephen. World War I Trench Warfare (2):  1916-18 . Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2002. Copeland, Dale. The Origins of Major War. New York: Cornell University Press, 2001. Drury, Ian. German Stormtrooper 1914-18. Long Island City, NY: Osprey Publishing, 1995. Feldman, Ruth. World War I. Minneapolis, NM: Twenty-First Century Books, 2004. Lewis, Myrddin. Alfred Herbert Limited and the British Machine Tool Industry, 1887-1983. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. Mansbach, Richard and Kirsten Rafferty. Introduction to Global Politics. New York, NY: Routledge, 2008. Morrow, John. The Great War:  An Imperial History. New York, NY: Routledge, 2005. Mulligan, William. The Origins of the First World War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Murphy, Maggie. World War I:  People, Politics, and Power. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2009. Peden, George. Arms, Economics and British Strategy:  From Dreadnoughts to Hydrogen Bombs. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,  2007. Shaw, Robert. Fighter Co mbat: Tactics and Maneuvering. Annapolis, MA: Naval Institute Press, 1985. Simkins, Peter,  Geoffrey Jukes and Michael Hickey. The First World War:  The War to End all Wars. Long Island City, NY: Osprey Publishing, 2003. Slavicek, Louise. The Treaty of Versailles. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing, 2010. Thackeray, Frank. Events that Changed Germany. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. Tortella, Gabriel. The Origins of the Twenty First Century. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010. Tucker, Spencer. World War I:  A D., Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO,  2005. Tucker, Spencer and  Priscilla Roberts. World War One. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO,  2005. Winter, Jay. Legacy of the Great War:  Ninety Years On. Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2009. Zaloga, Steven. French Tanks of World War I. Long Island City, NY: Osprey Publishing, 2011. Wawro, Geoffrey. Warfare and Society in Europe, 1792- 1914. New York, NY: Routledge, 2002. Footnotes Rich ard Mansbach and Kirsten Rafferty, Introduction to global politics. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2008), 299. Richard Mansbach and Kirsten Rafferty, Introduction to global politics. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2008), 301. Richard Mansbach and Kirsten Rafferty, Introduction to Global Politics. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2008), 299. Gabriel Tortella, The Origins of the Twenty First Century. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2010), 146. Gabriel Tortella, The Origins of the Twenty First Century. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2010), 147. William Mulligan, The Origins of the First World War. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 34 John Morrow, The Great War:  An Imperial History. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2005), 4. Dale Copeland, The Origins of Major War. (New York: Cornell University Press, 2001), 54. Jay Winter, Legacy of the Great War:  Ninety Years On. (Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2009), 112. Maggie Murphy, World War I:  People, Politics, and Power. (New York, NY: The Ros en Publishing Group, 2009), 84. Stephen Bull, World War I Trench Warfare (2):  1916-18. (Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2002), 5. Myrddin Lewis, Alfred Herbert Limited and the British Machine Tool Industry, 1887-1983. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006), 40. Frank Thackeray, Events that Changed Germany. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004), 85. Spencer Tucker and  Priscilla Roberts. World War One. (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO,  2005), 951. Steven Zaloga, French Tanks of World War I. (Long Island City, NY: Osprey Publishing, 2011), 5. Ruth Feldman, World War I. (Minneapolis, NM: Twenty-First Century Books, 2004), 22. George Peden, Arms, Economics and British Strategy:  From Dreadnoughts to Hydrogen Bombs. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,  2007), 63. Geoffrey Wawro, Warfare and Society in Europe, 1792- 1914. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2002), 181. Spencer Tucker, World War I:  A D., Volume 1. (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO,à ‚  2005), 1326. Robert Shaw, Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering. (Annapolis, MA: Naval Institute Press, 1985), 9. Spencer Tucker, World War I:  A D., Volume 1. (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO,  2005), 1288. Spencer Tucker, World War I:  A D., Volume 1. (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO,  2005), 1289. Ian Drury, German Stormtrooper 1914-18. (Long Island City, NY: Osprey Publishing, 1995), 13. Louise Slavicek, The Treaty of Versailles. (New York, NY: Infobase Publishing, 2010), 7 – 9. Louise Slavicek, The Treaty of Versailles. (New York, NY: Infobase Publishing, 2010), 10. Peter Simkins,  Geoffrey Jukes and Michael Hickey. The First World War:  The War to End all Wars. (Long Island City, NY: Osprey Publishing, 2003), 10.

Literature Program Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature Program Paper - Essay Example Education is one of the primary and essential activities especially for the preschool-aged children (i.e. children aged between 3 to 5 years) which bestows numerous advantages. In accordance with the present day context, the increasing pace of global economy has resulted in a major emphasis upon the importance of education at the early stage of the life of children which enables them to enhance their human virtue along with facilitating them to cope with different environmental and social factors. Based on the importance and essentiality of education at the early stage, this report intends prepare an effective literature plan especially for the preschool children through identifying the development goals which may enable to support the language, intellectual, personality, social and moral as well as aesthetic and creative development of the preschool age children. ... A range of developmental activities as well as strategies will be implemented in order to perform a streamlined experiential learning (Childs Play Learning Center, 2011). The literature program will also involve television as the primary media which would broadcast various initiatives of the literature program which would enable to draw community involvement. In addition, the parents will be considered as a major part of this literature program to increase the efficiency of the preschool learning activities. Identifying the Development Goals Language The language development activities in the literature program will be focused on providing performing activities which allow the preschool children to effectively understand and develop their linguistic skills. In order enhance the capability of the preschool children the activities will be performed independently for each age group. Moreover, telling stories will also be an effective activity which would enable the preschoolers to remai n interested with regard to the learning process (Childs Play Learning Center, 2011). Intellectual Learning In order to enhance the intellectual capability of the preschoolers, it’s important to observe regarding how the children tend to practice while doing any activity. As it can be observed that predominantly preschool children learn through observing and doing various activities by themselves. Therefore, the literature program will be focused on different cognitive areas such as numbers, shapes and colors which may enable the preschoolers to enhance their intellectual skills (University of Illinois Board of Trustees, 2013). Personality Development Personality development is